Ross School of Business, U. of Michigan, United States
Finalist for the OMT Division Best Student Paper Award
What compels a doctor to volunteer at a makeshift clinic in a remote village? Why do lawyers from elite firms devote hundreds of hours to pro-bono cases? These examples illuminate how occupations shape behavior beyond formal job requirements. As careers become increasingly defined by occupational rather than organizational membership, understanding the occupational forces that shape discretionary behaviors becomes crucial. Drawing on the theory of cultural tightness-looseness, we propose that high-prestige occupations create ‘tight’ normative environments that heighten employees’ sensitivity to risks to their professional relationships, reputation, or effectiveness, thereby influencing their discretionary behaviors. We test this theory across five complementary studies using diverse samples and methodologies. Using nationally representative surveys from the U.S. (GSS) and Germany (SOEP), we first establish that occupational prestige positively predicts prosocial behavior. We replicate this finding in Study 2 by surveying working professionals and eliminate alternative explanations based on power, status, and obligation. We then show in Study 3 that this relationship operates through anticipated risk perceptions - specifically interpersonal, image, and instrumental risks. Finally, study 4 establishes internal validity through an experimental design while showing that individual differences in status orientation moderate this mediated relationship. Our findings advance our understanding of how occupations influence behavior within and beyond organizational boundaries and establish anticipated risk as a novel mechanism of normative control.
