This study integrates the LLL framework with compositional logic to explore the combined impact of government-owned hard and soft export support interventions on SME export performance in emerging economies. Using data from 150 SMEs in Pakistan's export support program, it examines the effectiveness of production and R&D facilities (hard interventions) and skill development, informational support, and networking (soft interventions). The findings show that while leverage- and learning-oriented supports boost export outcomes, linkage-oriented supports alone do not. However, combining learning and linkage interventions, and using all three supports synergistically, significantly enhances SME export performance, emphasizing the need for a holistic approach in export support programs.
