Technology entrepreneurship exists at the intersection between technology innovation management and entrepreneurship. Uncertainty is a key element of both fields, but the term is often imprecisely or inconsistently used in the literature. This study focuses on entrepreneurial actions that support the mitigation or management of uncertainty, such as entrepreneurial learning or hedging. In this paper we first review the literature to understand the different definitions of uncertainty. We argue that different types of uncertainty correspond with different modes of learning and thus a different set of entrepreneurial learning actions. We analyze nine cases of new technology-based firms that face uncertainty commercializing emerging technologies to understand how they mitigate or manage uncertainty through their actions. We then develop a learning framework to describe the process of commercializing emerging technologies. The study contributes to the discussion in the academic literature about the construct of uncertainty as it relates to technological innovation and entrepreneurial learning while also providing a practical learning roadmap for technology entrepreneurs.
