University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, United States
This study goes beyond a binary categorization of outgroup versus ingroup leaders, by examining how gender and immigration status interact to create varying levels of ingroup status among business leaders. Drawing from research on intersectionality , and social identity theory with CEOs' risk-taking, this paper explores how these intersecting identities impact high-risk decisions, such as adopt-ing Advanced Manufacturing Technologies (AMT). Utilizing data from the World Bank Enterprise Surveys (WBES), encompassing 2,855 Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) across 10 European countries, our analysis reveals significant differences in AMT adoption among CEOs with various de-mographic combinations, moderated by industry experience. These findings underscore the necessity of jointly considering gender and immigration status when analyzing CEOs' risk-seeking behaviors, contributing to a more nuanced understanding of leadership dynamics in diverse contexts
