This paper studies the formal institutional structural conditions which lead to violence in conflicts between marginalized communities like rural stakeholders and mining firms. Using fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA), we examine 77 rural environmental justice conflicts involving multinational mining companies in resource-dependent nations between 2010 and 2020. Our analysis produces two configurations leading to violent conflicts and two configurations to absence of violence. Our findings extend current research on Stakeholder Influence Strategies by showing the agency of marginalized stakeholder, and that contrary to current characterization they may not always be the actors using disruptive, aggressive tactics in conflicts. Our results show how violence may emerge in some configurations from the actions of stakeholders considered more legitimate in stakeholder theory like firms, and state actors.
